Bacteria that cause a urinary tract infection UTI make an enzyme that changes urinary nitrates to nitrites. Nitrites in urine show a UTI may be present. Leukocyte esterase WBC esterase. Leukocyte esterase shows leukocytes white blood cells [WBCs] in the urine.
When fat is broken down for energy, the body makes substances called ketones or ketone bodies. These are passed in the urine. Large amounts of ketones in the urine may mean a very serious condition, diabetic ketoacidosis , is present.
A diet low in sugars and starches carbohydrates , starvation, or severe vomiting may also cause ketones to be in the urine. Microscopic analysis. In this test, urine is spun in a special machine centrifuge so the solid materials sediment settle at the bottom. The sediment is spread on a slide and looked at under a microscope.
Things that may be seen on the slide include: Red or white blood cells. Blood cells aren't found in urine normally. Inflammation, disease, or injury to the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra can cause blood in urine. Strenuous exercise, such as running a marathon, can also cause blood in the urine.
White blood cells may be a sign of infection or kidney disease. Some types of kidney disease can cause plugs of material called casts to form in tiny tubes in the kidneys. The casts then get flushed out in the urine. Casts can be made of red or white blood cells, waxy or fatty substances, or protein. The type of cast in the urine can help show what type of kidney disease may be present. Healthy people often have only a few crystals in their urine.
A large number of crystals, or certain types of crystals, may mean kidney stones are present or there is a problem with how the body is using food metabolism. Bacteria, yeast cells, or parasites. There are no bacteria, yeast cells, or parasites in urine normally.
If these are present, it can mean you have an infection. Squamous cells. Symptoms of a urine infection may include coloured or bad-smelling urine, pain when urinating, finding it hard to urinate, flank pain, blood in the urine hematuria , or fever.
To check the treatment of conditions such as diabetes, kidney stones, a urinary tract infection UTI , high blood pressure hypertension , or some kidney or liver diseases.
As part of a regular physical examination. How To Prepare Do not eat foods that can colour the urine, such as blackberries, beets, and rhubarb, before the test. How It Is Done A routine urine test can be done in your doctor's office, clinic, or lab. Clean-catch midstream one-time urine collection Wash your hands to make sure they are clean before collecting the urine. If the collection cup has a lid, remove it carefully and set it down with the inner surface up.
Do not touch the inside of the cup with your fingers. Clean the area around your genitals. A man should retract the foreskin, if present, and clean the head of his penis with medicated towelettes or swabs. A woman should spread open the genital folds of skin with one hand.
Then she can use her other hand to clean the area around the urethra with medicated towelettes or swabs. She should wipe the area from front to back so bacteria from the anus is not wiped across the urethra. Begin urinating into the toilet or urinal. A woman should hold apart the genital folds of skin while she urinates.
After the urine has flowed for several seconds, place the collection cup into the urine stream and collect about 60 mL 2 fl oz of this "midstream" urine without stopping your flow of urine. Do not touch the rim of the cup to your genital area. Do not get toilet paper, pubic hair, stool feces , menstrual blood, or anything else in the urine sample. Finish urinating into the toilet or urinal. Carefully replace and tighten the lid on the cup, and then return it to the lab. Double-voided urine sample collection This method collects the urine your body is making right now.
Urinate into the toilet or urinal. Do not collect any of this urine. Drink a large glass of water, and wait about 30 to 40 minutes. Then get a urine sample. Follow the instructions above for collecting a clean-catch urine sample. The collection period usually starts in the morning. When you first get up, urinate—but don't save this urine. Write down the time that you urinated to mark the beginning of your hour collection period. For the next 24 hours, collect all your urine.
Your doctor will usually provide you with a large container that holds about 4 L 1 gal and has a small amount of preservative in it. Urinate into a smaller, clean container, and then pour the urine into the large container. Avoid touching the inside of the container with your fingers. Keep the large container in the refrigerator during the collection period.
Urinate for the final time at or just before the end of the hour period. Add this urine to the large container, and write down the time. Avoid getting toilet paper, pubic hair, stool feces , menstrual blood, or other foreign matter in the urine sample. How It Feels There is no discomfort in collecting a urine sample. Risks There is no chance for problems in collecting a urine sample.
Results A urine test checks different components of urine, a waste product made by the kidneys. Urine test results Colour Normal: Pale to dark yellow Abnormal: Many foods and medicines can affect the colour of the urine.
Clarity Normal: Clear Abnormal: Cloudy urine can be caused by pus white blood cells , blood red blood cells , sperm, bacteria, yeast, crystals, mucus, or a parasite infection, such as trichomoniasis. Odour Normal: Slightly "nutty" odour Abnormal: Some foods such as asparagus , vitamins, and antibiotics such as penicillin can cause urine to have a different odour. Specific gravity Normal: 1. Protein Normal: None Abnormal: Protein in the urine may mean that kidney damage, an infection, cancer, high blood pressure , diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus SLE , or glomerulonephritis is present.
Ketones Normal: None Abnormal: Ketones in the urine can mean uncontrolled diabetes, a very low-carbohydrate diet, starvation or eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia , alcohol use disorder , or poisoning from drinking rubbing alcohol isopropanol. A small amount of urine will be looked at under a microscope to check for things that do not belong in normal urine that cannot be seen with the naked eye, including red blood cells, white blood cells or pus cells , bacteria germs , or crystals which are formed from chemicals in the urine and may eventually get bigger and become kidney stones.
Dipstick test. A dipstick is a thin, plastic stick with strips of chemicals on it. It is dipped into the urine. The strips change color if a substance is present at a level that is above normal. Some of the things a dipstick examination can check for include:.
A urinalysis can help to detect many diseases before you feel symptoms. Finding and treating a problem early can help keep serious diseases from getting worse. Healthy kidneys remove wastes and excess fluid from the blood. Blood and urine tests show how well the kidneys are doing their job and how quickly body At least 10 million Americans suffer from incontinence, which means that they are not able to control the times when they urinate.
In some cases, the loss of urine is so Urinary tract infections are responsible for nearly 10 million healthcare visits each year. What is the urinary tract?
The urinary system Skip to main content. A urine test brings back many different types of results. These include color, clarity is it clear or cloudy? Urine tests can also check for protein and sugar glucose. Results can be normal or abnormal. Your doctor will explain all the results to you and what they may mean for your health. Abnormal: Many foods and medicines can affect the color of the urine. Urine with no color may be caused by long-term kidney disease or uncontrolled diabetes.
Red urine can be caused by blood in the urine. Abnormal: Cloudy urine can be caused by pus white blood cells , blood red blood cells , sperm, bacteria, yeast, crystals, mucus, or a parasite infection, such as trichomoniasis. Abnormal: Some foods such as asparagus , vitamins, and antibiotics such as penicillin can cause urine to have a different odor. A sweet, fruity odor may be caused by uncontrolled diabetes. A urinary tract infection UTI can cause a bad odor. Urine that smells like maple syrup can mean maple syrup urine disease, when the body can't break down certain amino acids.
Normal: 1. Abnormal: A very high specific gravity means very concentrated urine, which may be caused by not drinking enough fluid, loss of too much fluid excessive vomiting, sweating, or diarrhea , or substances such as sugar or protein in the urine. Very low specific gravity means dilute urine, which may be caused by drinking too much fluid, severe kidney disease, or the use of diuretics.
Normal: 4. Abnormal: Some foods such as citrus fruit and dairy products and medicines such as antacids can affect urine pH. A high alkaline pH can be caused by severe vomiting, a kidney disease, some urinary tract infections, and asthma. A low acidic pH may be caused by severe lung disease emphysema , uncontrolled diabetes, aspirin overdose, severe diarrhea, dehydration, starvation, drinking too much alcohol, or drinking antifreeze ethylene glycol.
Abnormal: Protein in the urine may mean that kidney damage such as caused by high blood pressure or diabetes , an infection, cancer, systemic lupus erythematosus SLE , or glomerulonephritis is present. Protein in the urine may also mean that heart failure , leukemia , poison lead or mercury poisoning , or preeclampsia if you are pregnant is present.
A one-time urine collection, if normal, will be negative for glucose. Abnormal: Intravenous IV fluids can cause glucose to be in the urine. Too much glucose in the urine may be caused by uncontrolled diabetes, an adrenal gland problem, liver damage, brain injury, certain types of poisoning, and some types of kidney diseases.
Healthy pregnant women can have glucose in their urine, which is normal during pregnancy. Abnormal: Ketones in the urine can mean uncontrolled diabetes, a very low-carbohydrate diet, starvation or eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia , alcohol use disorder , or poisoning from drinking rubbing alcohol isopropanol. Ketones are often found in the urine when a person does not eat fasts for 18 hours or longer.
This may occur when a person is sick and cannot eat or vomits for several days. Low levels of ketones are sometimes found in the urine of healthy pregnant women.
Normal: Very few or no red or white blood cells or casts are seen. No bacteria, yeast cells, parasites, or squamous cells are present. A few crystals are normally seen. Red blood cells in the urine may be caused by kidney or bladder injury, kidney stones , a urinary tract infection UTI , inflammation of the kidneys glomerulonephritis , a kidney or bladder tumor, or systemic lupus erythematosus SLE.
White blood cells pus in the urine may be caused by a urinary tract infection, bladder tumor, inflammation of the kidneys, systemic lupus erythematosus SLE , or inflammation in the vagina or under the foreskin of the penis.
Depending on the type, casts can mean inflammation or damage to the tiny tubes in the kidneys, poor blood supply to the kidneys, metal poisoning such as lead or mercury , heart failure , or a bacterial infection. Large amounts of crystals, or certain types of crystals, can mean kidney stones, damaged kidneys, or problems with metabolism. Some medicines and some types of urinary tract infections can also increase the number of crystals in urine.
Bacteria in the urine mean a urinary tract infection UTI. Yeast cells or parasites such as the parasite that causes trichomoniasis can mean an infection of the urinary tract. The presence of squamous cells may mean that the sample is not as pure as it needs to be.
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