Simply tell her that, whatever she hears, she should be of good cheer, since I shall be there before any danger comes. Atkinson Although this letter is not directly to his wife, Machiavelli still acknowledges Marietta and her concerns for his safety. Interestingly enough, both plays depict dysfunctional marriages void of romantic love and lust. First, in Mandragola , Callimaco, a young Florentine, masterminds a plan to sleep with the most beautiful women in Italy, Lucrezia, who happens to already be married to a lawyer.
Callimaco not only fulfills his goal, but Lucrezia in turn falls in love with Callimaco and invites him stay in the same house as she and her husband Hale In Clizia , Nicamaco, who has fallen in love with his adopted daughter, Clizia, attempts to marry her off to a dunderhead and have them live next door so he can sleep with his daughter as he pleases.
Neither one of these plays describes what could be called a wholesome passionate marriage. The characters have to look outside their marriage to find love. Given that Machiavelli uses this situation twice, one can more seriously question if Machiavelli also had no love in his marriage and looked for it elsewhere.
It is at once overbearing and pretentious. In Clizia , Nicomaco constantly refers to his wife, Sofronia, as mad and irrational Hale Once again, perhaps this is how Machiavelli felt relationships should be between men and women.
Maybe in his marriage he made the rules and Marietta simply stayed at home waiting for Machiavelli to tell her what to do next. Maybe Machiavelli only loved Marietta for her constant companionship and domestic upkeep. Consider what. Hale Sebastian De Gazia suggests that there was love in the marriage, but it was more of a fraternal love-perhaps like that between brothers.
Obviously Machiavelli had some interest in the marriage because he fathered five children by Marietta. Also, Machiavelli tried his best to provide for his family before and after died he died. It seems that even if Machiavelli found love outside his marriage-which his plays and the next section suggests-he still could have loved Marietta, even if it was only for the constancy and domestication she offered him. The next letter in the collection Machiavelli and His Friends mentions Jeanne again and yet another courtesan named La Riccia.
It seems that Machiavelli went to see her on numerous occasions. De Grazia reports that as Secretary, Machiavelli was accused before the Eight of committing an act of sodomy with La Riccia At the present time, Machiavelli is living in Florence with his family. It was for Barbera that Machiavelli penned both Clizia and Mandragola.
Machiavelli has an overwhelmingly obvious desire for Barbera. Italian sculptor Donatello is one of the most influential artists of the 15th century in Italy, known for his marble sculpture David, among other popular works. Filippo Brunelleschi was one of the leading architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance and is best known for his work on the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore the Duomo in Florence. Sandro Botticelli was an Italian painter of the early Renaissance-era.
Petrarch was a poet and scholar whose humanist philosophy set the stage for the Renaissance. He is also considered one of the fathers of the modern Italian language. Galileo was an Italian scientist and scholar whose inventions included the telescope. His discoveries laid the foundation for modern physics and astronomy. Dante was a Medieval Italian poet and philosopher whose poetic trilogy, 'The Divine Comedy,' made an indelible impression on both literature and theology.
Machiavelli, a staunch supporter and lifelong defender of the Florentine republic, was on the losing side once again, now suspected by the republicans for having been in league with the Medici.
However, he did not have long to dwell on the irony of his position. He died after an illness in June Machiavelli's most famous work was not formally published during his lifetime, although it probably circulated in manuscript copies.
As evidence of its popularity, it went through seven Italian editions in the next twenty years. In , all of Machiavelli's works were put on the "Index of Prohibited Books," a list of books banned by the Catholic church for heresy or immorality.
This did nothing to dampen his popularity, and The Prince was soon translated into all the major European languages. Today, Machiavelli continues to be recognized as one of the first modern political thinkers and as a shrewd commentator on the psychology of leadership. Decennali , a long poem in two parts on the contemporary history of Florence.
First Decennale , ; Second Decennale , or The Prince Il principe , treatise on leadership and political power, The Mandrake Root Mandragola , comic play, circa Mandrogola tells the story of young and beautiful Lucrezia, who is married to old and foolish Nicia.
Callimaco falls in love with Lucrezia and manages to trick Nicia into giving his full approval for their love affair. It is considered one of the best Italian comedies of this period.
Discourses on Livy Discorsi sopra la prima deca ldi Tito Livio , analysis of the Roman republic, to Andria , comic play, circa Translation of an original by the Roman playwright Terence. Art of War Dell'Arte della guerra , treatise on military strategy, to Life of Castruccio Castracani Vita di Castruccio Castracani , biography of a military leader who became ruler of Lucca, Clizia , comic play circa His duties consisted chiefly of executing the policy decisions of others, carrying on diplomatic correspondence, digesting and composing reports, and compiling minutes; he also undertook some 23 missions to foreign states.
His embassies included four to the French king and two to the court of Rome. His most memorable mission is described in a report of entitled "Description of the Manner Employed by Duke Valentino [Cesare Borgia] in Slaying Vitellozzo Vitelli, Oliverotto da Fermo, Signor Pagolo and the Duke of Gravina, Orsini" with surgical precision he details Borgia's series of political murders, implicitly as a lesson in the art of politics for Florence's indecisive and timorous gonfalonier, Pier Soderini.
In Machiavelli married Marietta Corsini, who bore him four sons and two daughters. To his grandson Giovanni Ricci we owe the preservation of many of his letters and minor works.
In Machiavelli, inspired by his reading of Roman history, was instrumental in organizing a citizen militia of the Florentine Republic. In August a Spanish army entered Tuscany and sacked Prato. The Florentines in terror deposed Soderini, whom Machiavelli characterized as "good, but weak," and allowed the Medici to return to power. On November 7 Machiavelli was dismissed; soon afterward he was arrested, imprisoned, and subjected to torture as a suspected conspirator against the Medici.
Though innocent, he remained suspect for years to come; unable to secure an appointment from the reinstated Medici, he turned to writing. Later that year and the following year his friend and critic Francesco Guicciardini, Papal Commissary of War in Lombardy, employed him in two minor diplomatic missions.
He died in Florence in June , receiving the last rites of the Church that he had bitterly criticized. Machiavelli shared with Renaissance humanists a passion for classical antiquity. To their wish for a literary and spiritual revival of ancient values, guided by such authors as Plato, Cicero, and St. Augustine, he added a fierce desire for a political and moral renewal on the model of the Roman Republic as depicted by Livy and Tacitus.
Though a republican at heart, he saw as the crying need of his day a strong political and military leader who could forge a unitary state in northern Italy to eliminate French and Spanish hegemony from Italian soil.
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