In August of that year, Baron James de Rothschild—banker, industrialist, and president of the Chemin de fer du Nord Northern Railway —commissioned Baldus to produce an album of the highest quality. Showing views along the rail route from Paris to Boulogne-sur-Mer, the album was intended as a gift for Queen Victoria , a souvenir of her passage on the line during her state visit to Paris.
They embody a classic, objectified vision softened by lessons learned in the landscapes of the Auvergne, and an equilibrium of documentation and artistry, of descriptive directness and picturesqueness, of presenting the scene to the viewer and inviting the viewer into the scene. Also in , Baldus began photographing on the work site of the New Louvre, documenting for architect Hector Lefuel every piece of statuary and ornamentation made for the vast complex linking the Louvre and Tuileries palaces.
As individual records, these photographs served a practical function on the bustling work site, keeping track of the hundreds of plaster models and carved stones sculpted for the project; but as a collected whole, they formed a new means of comprehending and communicating a complex subject, bit by bit, to be reconstituted by the mind.
Only photography—precise, omnivorous, prolific, and rapid—and then only in the hands of an artist both sensitive and rigorous—could produce an archive as a new form of art. In June , in the midst of his work at the Louvre, Baldus set out on a brief assignment, equally without precedent in photography, that was in many ways its opposite: to photograph the destruction caused by torrential rains and overflowing rivers in Lyon, Avignon, and Tarascon.
From a world of magnificent man-made construction, he set out for territory devastated by natural disaster; from the task of re-creating the whole of a building in a catalogue of its thousand parts, he turned to the challenge of evoking a thousand individual stories in a handful of transcendent images. Your current browser may not support copying via this button.
Subscriber sign in You could not be signed in, please check and try again. Username Please enter your Username. Password Please enter your Password. Forgot password? Don't have an account? Sign in via your Institution. Although English is a Germanic language, it has many words of Latin and French derivation. Thus, many French words are similar to words in English but often have different meanings. French is spoken in France; Quebec and other areas of Canada; Luxembourg; southern Belgium; southwestern Switzerland; northern and central Africa; some islands in the Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and Caribbean Sea; southeast Asia; and other areas formerly colonized or influenced by the French.
Between about and , French was also used in records of the Rhineland area of Germany, northern Belgium, and the Netherlands.
In addition, French is found in some early records of Louisiana and a few other places in the United States. Since about , the grammar, if not the spelling, of official written French has been fairly well standardized throughout the world, even though there are many different forms of spoken French. French words for persons, places, and things nouns are classified as masculine or feminine. Generally, adjectives used to describe feminine words end with e.
For example, the word "enfant" means "child" or "infant," either masculine or feminine. Variant Forms of Words In French, as in English, the forms of some words will vary according to how they are used in a sentence. This word list gives the standard form of each French word. As you read French records, you will need to be aware that some words vary with usage. Plural forms of French words are usually created by adding -s or -x to the singular word. In French there are five diacritical accent marks.
These are placed over vowels or under the letter -c- to indicate a change in pronunciation. These diacritical marks do not affect alphabetical order. Spelling Spelling rules were not fixed in earlier centuries. In French the following spelling variations are common:. After the fall of the First Empire in , the Bonapartes were obliged to leave France.
Maybe the Bonapartes would one day return to power in France? At that time, Italy was not a unified country and Italian territory included several kingdoms, some of which were under the jurisdiction of Austria. The two Bonaparte brothers were involved in conspiracies organised by supporters of the Unification of Italy. This disease was very serious in those days. Louis-Napoleon recovered but Napoleon-Louis died of the disease in March This family tree should help you get it all straight.
With his military background he even wrote an artillery manual used by the Swiss army … and with the support of the Bonapartist activists, Louis-Napoleon tried twice to seize power by force.
The first time in Strasbourg 30 October he failed and was taken prisoner. Instead of returning to the United States, he settled in London, England. Louis-Napoleon decided this was the right time to try to take power.
He arrived in Boulogne-sur-Mer on the night of 5 to 6 August , but this attempt was also a failure. He was sentenced to life imprisonment, and incarcerated in the fortress of Ham in the Somme northern France.
Though imprisoned, Louis-Napoleon was allowed to read, study, and receive visits. And it was quite an adventure! Since renovation work was being done on his cell, he was able to escape disguised as one of the labourers, walking out the main gates of the prison carrying a large plank on his shoulder to hide his face. Louis-Napoleon took refuge in London. The conquest of power: a Bonaparte president of the Republic! The Second French Republic was established, to be headed by a President of the Republic elected by universal male suffrage all men over 21 could vote, regardless of their earnings.
The president was to govern with the help of a council of ministers; a National Legislative Assembly was to be formed in which to discuss and pass laws. He became President of the new Republic, for a single term of four years. In , he tried to change the constitution in order to run again but the Legislative Assembly refused.
0コメント